European Kingdoms

Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
Latin Emperors of the Fourth Crusade at Constantinople / Frankokratia (AD 1204-1261)

Rome Aquitani Tribes Canaanite States & Groups Celtic Tribes Germanic Tribes Iberian Tribes Mesopotamian States & Groups Syrian States & Groups

In AD 395, the Roman empire finally split permanently, creating formal Eastern Roman and Western Roman empires, acknowledging what had existed in practise for many years.

With the conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Latin rulers govern the city and much of the former empire, backed by Venice and France. The leader of the Fourth Crusade also sets up other minor Crusader states in Greece.

For members of the Jewish Diaspora who were citizens of the fractured empire, especially the long-term resident Romaniote Jews, conditions abruptly worsened. Anti-Semitic legislation was now more easy to pass in smaller states, and the Jews seemed to bear the brunt of it.

(Information by Peter Kessler, and from External Links: Encyclopædia Britannica, and Jewish Encyclopaedia, and History of the Byzantine Empire (Live Science).)

1204 - 1205

Count Baldwin IX of Flanders. Defeated, captured, died.

1205

With the Fourth Crusade having splintered control of the lower Balkans into many pieces, the powerful Asens of Bulgaria are able to make good progress in expanding their empire. The Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205 sees Baldwin being defeated by Tsar Kaloyan before being captured and taken into captivity where he dies.

1206 - 1216

Count of Flanders.

1217

1217 - 1219

Countess of Flanders.

1221 - 1228

1228 - 1237

1228 - 1261

The Byzantine emperor regained Constantinople.