European Kingdoms

Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
Rival Eastern Emperors in Trebizond (AD 1204-1461)

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In AD 395, the Roman empire finally split permanently, creating formal Eastern Roman and Western Roman empires, acknowledging what had existed in practise for many years.

Claimants to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) throne set up rival powerbases, including this one in the Pontic Greek cities and regions of Trebizond, Sinope, and Paphlagonia. Trebizond was the last of the Byzantine territories to fall to the Ottoman empire, earning it the occasional title of the last Greek empire.

(Information by Peter Kessler, and from External Link: History of the Byzantine Empire (Live Science).)

1204 - 1222

1222 - 1235

1235 - 1238

1238 - 1263

1263 - 1266

1266 - 1280

1280 - 1297

1297 - 1330

1330 - 1332

Retook Epirus.

1332

1332 - 1340

1340 - 1341

1341 - 1342

Also ruled for a short time in early 1341.

1341

First rule.

1342 - 1344

1344 - 1349

Restored.

1349 - 1390

1390 - 1416

1416 - 1429

1429 - 1459

1459 - 1461

1461

Trebizond falls to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II when Emperor David Komnenos surrenders. Coming eight years after the fall of Constantinople, it marks the final end of the Eastern Roman empire.